This illustration presents a purely speculative view of what such a 'hot Jupiter' might look like. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NASA, ESA and A. Schaller (for STScI) This tally is consistent with the number of planets expected to be uncovered from such a distant survey, based on previous exoplanet detections made in our local solar neighborhood.

Image of TRAPPIST-1Observation data23 h 06 m 29.283 s−05° 02′ 28.59″CharacteristicsM8.2V(V)18.798 ±0.082(R)16.466 ±0.065(I)14.024 ±0.115(J)11.354 ±0.022(H)10.718 ±0.021(K)10.296 ±0.023V−R2.332R−I2.442J−H0.636J−K1.058(R v)−54 ±2 km/s(μ)RA: 922.1 ±1.8 /Dec.: −471.9 ±1.8 /(π)82.4 ± 0.839.6 ± 0.4(12.1 ± 0.1 )(M V)18.4 ±0.1Details0.089 ±0.0060.121 ±0.003Luminosity (bolometric)0.000 522 ±0.000 019Luminosity (visual, L V)0.000 003 73(log g)≈5.2272511 ±37Fe/H0.04 ±0.083.295 ±0.003 days( v sin i)6 km/s7.6 ±2.2. TRAPPIST-1 is located within the red circle in the (the Water Carrier).The star at the center of the system was discovered in 1999 during the (2MASS). It was entered in the subsequent catalog with the designation '2MASS J230285'. The numbers refer to the and of the star's position in the sky and the 'J' refers to the.The system was later studied by a team at the, who made their initial observations using the TRAPPIST–South telescope from September to December 2015 and published their findings in the May 2016 issue of the journal. The pays homage to the Catholic Christian of and to the it produces (primarily in Belgium), which the astronomers used to toast their discovery. Since the star hosted the first exoplanets discovered by this telescope, the discoverers accordingly designated it as 'TRAPPIST-1'.The planets are designated in the order of their discovery, beginning with b for the first planet discovered, c for the second and so on.

Three planets around TRAPPIST-1 were first discovered and designated b, c and d in order of increasing orbital periods, and the second batch of discoveries was similarly designated e to h.Stellar characteristics. TRAPPIST-1 compared to the size of the.TRAPPIST-1 is an star of spectral class M8.0 ±0.5 that is approximately 8% the mass of and 11% the radius of the. Although it is slightly larger than, it is about 84 times more massive. High-resolution failed to reveal the presence of, suggesting it is a very low-mass, which is hydrogen and has depleted its lithium, i.e., a rather than a very young.

It has a temperature of 2,511 (2,238 °C; 4,060 °F), and its age has been estimated to be approximately 7.6 ±2.2. In comparison, the Sun has a temperature of 5,778 K (5,505 °C; 9,941 °F) and an age of about 4.6 Gyr. Observations with the for a total of 79 days revealed and infrequent weak at a rate of 0.38 per day (30-fold less frequent than for active M6–M9 dwarfs); a single strong flare appeared near the end of the observation period. The observed flaring activity possibly changes the atmospheres of the orbiting planets on a regular basis, making them less suitable for life.

The star has a rotational period of 3.3 days.High-resolution speckle images of TRAPPIST-1 were obtained and revealed that the M8 star has no companions with a luminosity equal to or brighter than a brown dwarf. This determination that the host star is single confirms that the measured transit depths for the orbiting planets provide a true value for their radii, thus proving that the planets are indeed Earth-sized.Owing to its low luminosity, the star has the ability to live for up to 12 trillion years. It is metal-rich, with a (Fe/H) of 0.04, or 109% the solar amount. Its luminosity is 0.05% of that of the Sun , most of which is emitted in the spectrum, and with an of 18.80 it is not visible to the from the Earth.Planetary system. Transit data of TRAPPIST-1. Larger planets result in more dimming while planets more distant from the star result in longer dimming.On 22 February 2017, astronomers announced that the planetary system of this star is composed of seven temperate, of which five (, and ) are similar in size to Earth, and two ( and ) are intermediate in size between and Earth.

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Three of the planets ( e, f and g) orbit within the.The orbits of the TRAPPIST-1 planetary system are very flat and compact. All seven of TRAPPIST-1's planets orbit much closer than orbits the Sun. Except for b, they orbit farther than the do around Jupiter, but closer than most of the other. The distance between the orbits of b and c is only 1.6 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon. The planets should appear prominently in each other's skies, in some cases appearing several times larger than the Moon appears from Earth. A year on the closest planet passes in only 1.5 Earth days, while the seventh planet's year passes in only 18.8 days.The planets pass so close to one another that gravitational interactions are significant, and their orbital periods are nearly resonant. In the time the innermost planet completes eight orbits, the second, third, and fourth planets complete five, three, and two.

The gravitational tugging also results in (TTVs), ranging from under a minute to over 30 minutes, which allowed the investigators to calculate the masses of all but the outermost planet. The total mass of the six inner planets is approximately 0.02% the mass of TRAPPIST-1, a fraction similar to that for the Galilean satellites to Jupiter, and an observation suggestive of a similar. The densities of the planets range from 0.60 to 1.17 times that of Earth ( ρ ⊕, 5.51 g/cm 3), indicating predominantly rocky compositions. The are too large to indicate whether a substantial component of volatiles is also included, except in the case of f, where the value ( 0.60 ±0.17 ρ ⊕) 'favors' the presence of a layer of and/or an extended atmosphere. Excludes all possible stellar and brown dwarf companions.On 31 August 2017, astronomers using the reported the first evidence of possible water content on the TRAPPIST-1 exoplanets.Between 18 February and 27 March 2017, a team of astronomers used the Spitzer Space Telescope to observe TRAPPIST-1 to refine the orbital and physical parameters of the seven planets using updated parameters for the star. Their results were published on 9 January 2018.

Although no new mass estimates were given, the team managed to refine the orbital parameters and radii of the planets within a very small error margin. In addition to updated planetary parameters, the team also found evidence for a large, hot atmosphere around the innermost planet.On 5 February 2018, a collaborative study by an international group of scientists using the Hubble Space Telescope, the Kepler Space Telescope, the Spitzer Space Telescope, and the ESO's telescope released the most accurate parameters for the TRAPPIST-1 system yet. They were able to refine the masses of the seven planets to a very small error margin, allowing the density, surface gravity, and composition of the planets to be accurately determined. The planets range in mass from about 0.3 M ⊕ to 1.16 M ⊕, with densities from 0.62 ρ ⊕ (3.4 g/cm 3) to 1.02 ρ ⊕ (5.6 g/cm 3). Planets c and e are almost entirely rocky, while b, d, f, g, and h have a layer of volatiles in the form of either a water shell, an ice shell, or a thick atmosphere. Planets c, d, e, and f lack hydrogen-helium atmospheres.

Planet g was also observed, but there was not enough data to firmly rule out a hydrogen atmosphere. Planet d might have a liquid water ocean comprising about 5% of its mass—for comparison, Earth's water content is. Of TRAPPIST-1 over a period of 20 days from September to October, recorded by the Spitzer Space Telescope in 2016.The orbital motions of the TRAPPIST-1 planets form a complex chain with three-body Laplace-type linking every member. The relative orbital periods (proceeding outward) approximate whole integer ratios of 24/24, 24/15, 24/9, 24/6, 24/4, 24/3, and 24/2, respectively, or nearest-neighbor period ratios of about 8/5, 5/3, 3/2, 3/2, 4/3, and 3/2 (1.603, 1.672, 1.506, 1.509, 1.342, and 1.519).

This represents the longest known chain of near-resonant exoplanets, and is thought to have resulted from interactions between the planets as they migrated inward within the residual after forming at greater initial distances.Most sets of orbits similar to the set found at TRAPPIST-1 are unstable, causing one planet to come within the of another or to be thrown out. But it has been found that there is a way for a system to migrate into a fairly stable state through damping interactions with, for example, a. After this, tidal forces can give the system a long-term stability.The tight correspondence between whole number ratios in orbital resonances and in music theory has made it possible to convert the system's motion into music. Formation of the planetary system According to Ormel et al.

Previous models of planetary formation do not explain the formation of the highly compact TRAPPIST-1 system. Formation in place would require an unusually dense disk and would not readily account for the orbital resonances. Formation outside the does not explain the planets' terrestrial nature or Earth-like masses. The authors proposed a new scenario in which planet formation starts at the frost line where pebble-size particles trigger, then protoplanets quickly mature. When the planets reach Earth mass they create perturbations in the gas disk that halt the inward drift of pebbles causing their growth to stall.

The planets are transported by to the inner disk, where they stall at the magnetospheric cavity and end up in mean motion resonances. This scenario predicts the planets formed with significant fractions of water, around 10%, with the largest initial fractions of water on the innermost and outermost planets. Tidal locking It is suggested that all seven planets are likely to be into a so-called synchronous spin state (one side of each planet permanently facing the star), making the much more challenging. A less likely possibility is that some may be trapped in a higher-order. Tidally locked planets would typically have very large temperature differences between their permanently lit day sides and their permanently dark night sides, which could produce very strong winds circling the planets.

The best places for life may be close to the mild twilight regions between the two sides, called the. Another possibility is that the planets may be pushed into effectively non-synchronous spin states due to strong mutual interactions among the seven planets, resulting in more complete stellar coverage over the surface of the planets. Tidal heating is predicted to be significant: all planets except f and h are expected to have a tidal heat flux greater than Earth's total heat flux.With the exception of planet c, all of the planets have densities low enough to indicate the presence of significant H2O in some form. Planets b and c experience enough heating from planetary tides to maintain magma oceans in their rock mantles; planet c may have eruptions of silicate magma on its surface. Tidal heat fluxes on planets d, e, and f are lower, but are still twenty times higher than Earth's mean heat flow. Planets d and e are the most likely to be habitable.

Planet d avoids the runaway greenhouse state if its albedo is ≳ 0.3. Possible effects of strong X-ray and extreme UV irradiation of the system Bolmont et al. Modelled the effects of predicted (FUV) and (EUV/XUV) irradiation of planets b and c by TRAPPIST-1.

Their results suggest that the two planets may have lost as much as 15 Earth oceans of water (although the actual loss would probably be lower), depending on their initial water contents. Nonetheless, they may have retained enough water to remain habitable, and a planet orbiting further out was predicted to lose much less water.However, a subsequent X-ray study by Wheatley et al. Found that the star emits X-rays at a level comparable to our own much larger Sun, and extreme ultraviolet radiation at a level 50-fold stronger than assumed by Bolmont et al. The authors predicted this would significantly alter the and perhaps atmospheres of close-in, Earth-sized planets spanning the habitable zone of the star. The publication noted that these levels 'neglected the radiation physics and hydrodynamics of the planetary atmosphere' and could be a significant overestimate. Indeed, the XUV stripping of a very thick hydrogen and helium primary atmosphere might actually be required for habitability.

The high levels of XUV would also be expected to make water retention on planet d less likely than predicted by Bolmont et al., though even on highly irradiated planets it might remain in at the poles or on the night sides of tidally locked planets.If a dense atmosphere like Earth's, with a protective ozone layer, exists on planets in the habitable zone of TRAPPIST-1, UV surface environments would be similar to present-day Earth. However, an would allow more UV to reach the surface, making surface environments hostile to even highly UV-tolerant terrestrial. If future observations detect ozone on one of the TRAPPIST-1 planets, it would be a prime candidate to search for surface life. Spectroscopy of planetary atmospheres.

If you have been reading up on the Anunnaki, you probably have noticed we spend most of our time trying to understand who and what the Anunnaki are. That is understandable.

Who and what are big questions with many facets and plenty of mysteries to plumb, and it takes quite a lot of time and effort to piece together the answers.But as any journalist knows (or anyone who even learned about journalism in school), the five big questions with any story are always:. Who?. What?. Where?.

When?. Why?We spend so much time trying to figure out who the Anunnaki are and what they are that we don’t spend a whole lot of time talking about why they were (or are) here and why they may decide to return. If you think about it, this is quite curious, because it isn’t exactly as if Earth is brimming with cosmic significance, at least not insofar as we know. True, it could be, but it doesn’t take a lot of imagination to reckon this is just one tiny planet in a universe teeming with life.So let’s focus on that big question: Why?Why did the Anunnaki come here in ancient times? What do they want from us?

What is likely to happen when they do eventually return en masse?It is hard to answer this question as well because the resources we have are so limited at this point. There are a lot of individuals who claim to know something about the Anunnaki, sometimes from personal experience—you will even meet people who claim to be Anunnaki. Maybe some of them are, but for the sake of this article, we are going to stick with more traditional and/or published sources.

What Does Mythology Say About the Motives of the Anunnaki?I am writing this article with the assumption that you already have a pretty solid understanding of who and what the Anunnaki are. If you don’t, just peruse the articles on our site for a while and you will figure out the basics.The summary version is this: The theory goes that the ancient deities of Babylonian and Sumerian mythology—the Anunnaki—actually did exist. But they were not gods—they were ancient aliens visiting from a planet called Nibiru. As the ancients lacked the language to talk about other planets and species, they referred to these beings as deities.Now, the Anunnaki in ancient lore played many roles in relation to humanity and the greater universe. But one of those roles was as our creators.Essentially, maintaining creation was a lot of work. The gods grew fatigued with all the chores of existence, and some of them went on strike.

Obviously this would have been a disaster, so a solution had to be found.One of the Anunnaki, Enlil, said he could end the strike—but in turn, the gods must name him their supreme ruler. So he came up with the idea of creating a labor force of inferior beings. Infection bio war part 1. Apparently Enlil either could not do this on his own or did not want to, so he had a chat with Antu, the mother of his half-brother Enki. Enki was sleeping through this entire affair, and apparently was highly suggestible in this state.His mother whispered the following suggestion in his head, given to her by Enlil:Oh my son, arise from thy bed, from thy (slumber), work what is wise, Fashion servants for the Gods, may they produce their (bread?).Waking up, Enki thought he’d had a brilliant idea, and suggested to the gods that they create a race of slaves. Everyone agreed, so he got busy with a mixut ore fclay and blood from a slaughtered god. Working this together, he managed to create the first human beings.I think a cautionary note is due here however.

It is way too easy to essentialize all Anunnaki as evil, cold, heartless, sadistic creatures. But Anunnaki are individuals, just like us. Some of them have different motives and personalities. Enki was actually reasonably friendly and benevolent toward humanity, even going so far as to save the human race from Enlil’s flood. So if the Anunnaki return, we can expect some complexity in their interactions with us. What Do Modern Theorists Believe?An examination of mythology gives us a pretty good idea of the attitude of the Anunnaki toward humanity, but none of it answers the basic question, “Why Earth? Why here?” We know they needed labor, but what for?Those who believe the Anunnaki may have been alien visitors have various theories, but the most prominent one was proposed by writer Zecharia Sitchin, one of the most well-known ancient astronaut theorists.

According to him, the Anunnaki came to earth to mine gold, but not for the reasons that we typically do.They didn’t need it to craft fine jewelry—they needed it to save their planet, Nibiru.In his 1976 book The Twelfth Planet, Sitchin wrote:“On Nibiru — ‘Planet X’ of our Solar System – the problem was the opposite one: Loss of internally generated heat due to a dwindling atmosphere, brought about by natural causes and nuclear wars. Nibiru’s scientists, I wrote, concluded that the only way to save life on their planet was to create a shield of gold particles in their upper atmosphere.”If you explore Sitchin’s works, you will find a complex timeline of events surrounding the mining process before the Anunnaki end up abandoning the planet. Over the course of hundreds of thousands of years, a complex drama plays out with many different characters—who we know today as Sumerian and Egyptian deities. In reality, most of these players were likely Anunnaki mining management.This having been said, the Anunnaki did seem to be curiously inefficient.

You would think an advanced race could quickly determine the location of gold and extract it with ease from the earth. But apparently it took hundreds of thousands of years—and they obviously left a fair amount behind.It should be mentioned as well that it seems some Anunnaki may have mated with human women during this time, producing hybrid offspring.

You can read more about this on our feature on the. Our Main Resources: Gold, Labor, Energy, CompanionshipSo now we have identified at least four resources that the Anunnaki value and which we possess:. Gold. The Anunnaki require this to protect Nibiru from destruction. This is a basic survival need.

Labor. The Anunnaki don’t enjoy labor, and prefer to foist it off on an inferior race. Energy.

There are many suggestions that the Anunnaki lean toward rather cruel dispositions. Perhaps the energy of human suffering provides them with something they need (or want). Companionship. Clearly there is something about Earth women that intrigues the Anunnaki.

It could also be that there were aspects of dealing with humanity that at least some of them enjoyed overall; there were even periods of peace while they reigned on earth, and some of them even gave power to human kings.Why Are the Anunnaki Coming Back?The last question is of course the hardest to answer. Numerous indications point toward the imminent return of the Anunnaki.They could be coming back for more gold, for human slaves or companions, or simply to amuse themselves at our expense. It is also possible that they are returning for the ones they left behind; many believe that Anunnaki still walk among us today as reptilian alien shapeshifters.Another possibility is that they cannot help but come back, because Nibiru’s natural orbit routinely brings them within reach of Earth.What will happen when that day arrives?

Will it mean a war for possession of the planet? Will Earth be destroyed by a new round of flooding brought on by the gravitational force of Nibiru? Will we be brought back to Nibiru as slaves? Or will we find a way to coexist with the Anunnaki?

Only time will tell. Whatever the case may be, the more we can learn about the Anunnaki and their motives, the more prepared we will be for that fateful day when they do come back in our orbit.

This time they are coming back to get there own who were left behind 3600 years ago and i dont think they will return in a hurry but next time round our sun i think we will probabley be invading Nebiru as we will have the technology then and we will live for hundreds of years too like they do now and we could quite possibly enslave them next time because we are made in gods image not so the Annunaki and there are a lot more of us and with the earth changes we might be giants to them then.(paybacks are a bitch). Trevor JonesWe all have noticed that a soft reveal is going on.

UfOs in the sky, most block buster movies are of the type depicting extraterrestrial life, television programmes on about life not of this earth. These programmes would not be aired on radio or TV years ago due to the panic they could cause. The Vatican now agrees on life in the cosmos. Yes the Annunaki will return, before the end of this century to claim their possession, their property, the Human Race and they will demand and expect 100% obedience.

If not they will think nothing of wiping out entire continents because we will mean nothing to them. We will probably just be seen as merchandise that will be sold has slaves throughout the galaxy. If man cannot stop fighting amongst himself and prepare for whats coming, then man is surely doomed. JosieWhat drive’s me nuts is these people that meet these aliens, knowing that they are working with the shadow government, don’t bother to ask them if they are working with depopulation of this planet. If they are from planet X or Nibiru does their planet plan to distroy us or could they possibly divert it. Why are they here.

Ask some question that matter!I listened to one of the first video’s and there was no place for a comment a d all they talked about was what they looked like and what had to eat ect. Waste of time. I would like to know what they the aliens and the government are hiding from us and what they have planned. COLLEEN FINLEYHumans can’t seem to create without creating a creator first.

Supposedly, intelligent beings created and/or caused everything beyond heavens and rocks. What if, heaven and rock created everything by accident. And, like we have found, what begins must also end? Simple and very real natural selection.

No Gods, no royal bloodline – simply aggressive and intelligent humans, leading and controlling the weak and uninformed by instilling fear. What if, those who had control, meant to keep their secret ways of gaining control, strictly among other truly intelligent humans.

Where they came from (the same ocean as all humans) was to remain the ultimate secret.Greed and Ego, always our own worst enemy, created Gods and named them creators. Because of our own insatiable need to be accepted, we could not and would not stand up united and say – this is all a lie. KattiaI think they are dead. I mean, thousands of years ago they had already destroyed the equilibrium of their planet, why assume they haven’t done it again?If we are made in their likeness, and we are close to destroy our own world and race, with our meek technology (compared to theirs), it’s logical to think they annihilated themselves long ago.About the UFO’s, I believe those spaceships belong to other races. Friends or foes?

Who knows, but the phenomena of abduction tells at least about their morbid curiosity in human physiology.Our creators made us, so why would they come and research about our race? Obviously they are well aware of our bodies, and their functions.

And if they are the ones abducting people, probably we are less than mere lab rats for them.Our biggest mistake: to believe we are special and the center of the Universe. We were made for mining for crying out loud!. MarcoOur solar system is sterile save planet Earth. It follows by logic that the heavenly body that caused the asteroid belt in a collision must have hit Earth and fertilized it. Millions of Years later the Elohim Judges evolved, came here and found that life on Earth was based on their same basic genetic core.

Earth beings were compatible, which allowed them to mix their genome with Earthly beings we are the result (a being far too advanced for this world) Had the apes evolved into us, they would currently not be apes, they would be us but they are backwards and primitive. Dale A PedersonOne cannot know the complete truth on this. All we have are ruins and the faded writings of primitive cultures to go on. There are so many questions with out answers. There are phenomena beyond our understanding and nothing but speculation as a result. I would say only that if there is a Nibiru and if there are a race of advance beings destined to return here, then we had better figure it out. There is one undeniable truth that should cause us all to consider the Anuunaki as real.

Humans are hard wired to seek and collect gold. Why has gold remained our most precious and valuable resource? Why has it always been our treasure?

There is no logical answer to this. When did this start? There really isn’t that much about gold that so important. Think about it. Throughout all of human history right up to the present, gold has and remains a primary concern for our race as a whole.

I personally don’t care anything for it and do not seek it. I’m sure many don’t. However, it seems we as a race have always had a natural attraction to it as if it were water. This is a undeniable fact that is so overlooked, but could hold many answers or triggers if it were realized by the masses. Could it be that the reason for reports of massive gold storage facilities such as Fort Knox and others around the world being empty is because governments around the world have been storing it, guarding it – then supplying it in bulk to the Anuunki? Seems to fit the bigger picture for a race of slave labor created to gather gold. How long would it take for a slave force to gather enough gold to line an entire planet?

Forsake the gold and watch them expedite their return in large number? Anthony FTo answer your question Gold is the number 1 conductor of electricity it never tarnishes that’s why there’s gold inside of computers but only the direct descendants of the annunaki (Queen Elizabeth)would know this and most humans would be blind to its capabilities it is said that kings n high priest wore gold crowns as of a means of communication with the annunaki it’s a very interesting take on the value of Gold the only thing I can’t grasp is did there planet not have Gold?

Or did they use it all?. JustSpectreGod, or rather Yehova, was one of them. If you read Genesis really carfully than you notice that God is speaking directly with others either appearing in vision (yes, they have tools to communicate with us telepathically, especially in altered states of consciousness) or through angels. I read Genesis 13 – 19 and it looks that it were extraterrestrials or some advanced beings who informed Abraham about destruction of Sodom and Gomorah. The true reason for destruction of both cities was not sin, but the fact that they rebelled and posed threat.

Angels, who Lot hidden in his home were obviously using some advanced technology, for they were able to blind the group of men besieging Lot’s house.It is fairly possible that Yehova is the same being as Enlil – they are both powerful and punitive in their nature. Lot of modern interpreters see Enlil as evil god, but he was far from this. He was keeper of the order represented by Tablets of Destinies and he was in charge of what happened on Earth.